Noun Clauses
There are
three basic types of noun clauses. These types are 1) noun clauses that
start with a question word (where, how, who, when, why), 2) noun clauses that
start with whether or if, and 3) noun clauses that start with that.
1. Noun Clauses that Start with a Question
Noun clauses
that start with a question are usually used to answer a question. The
following examples should better explain this.
- Where does Sarik live?
I don't know where Sarik lives.
"where Sarik lives" is a noun clause. We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following.
I don't know Sarik's address. The noun phrase, Sarik's address, replaces with the noun clause, where Sarik lives.
- What time is it?
I don't know what time it is.
"what time it is" is a noun clause. We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following.
I don't know the time. In this case, the noun phrase, the time, replaces the noun clause, what time it is.
2. Noun Clauses that Start with Whether or If
Noun clauses
that start with whether or if are used to answer yes/no type questions.
Whether and if are usually interchangeable. The following examples should
better explain this.
- Does Judy own a Honda?
I don't know if Judy owns a Honda.
"if Judy owns a Honda" is a noun clause. We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following.
I don't know the answer. In this case, the noun phrase, the answer, replaces the noun clause, if Judy owns a Honda.
- Will Sadine be at work on Friday?
I don't know whether Sadine will be at work on Friday.
"whether Sadine will be at work on Friday" is a noun clause. We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following.
I don't know the answer. In this case, the noun phrase, the answer, replaces the noun clause, whether Sadine will be at work on Friday.
3. Noun Clauses that Start with That.
Noun clauses
that start with that are used to answer questions in which person who is
answering is thinking, giving an opinion, or using a mental activity
verb. The following examples should better explain this.
- Is Dr. Elimelech a good instructor?
I think that Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor.
"that Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor" is a noun clause. This noun clause could be omitted by saying the following.
I think so.
- Do you know the location of an ATM?
I believe that there is an ATM in the supermarket.
"that there is an ATM in the supermarket" is a noun clause.
Noun Clauses Activities…
Exercise 1:
Change the questions to a noun clause.
1. What time is it?
I would like to know ____________________________________________________.
2. Why don’t they like go dancing?
__________________________________________________ is a mystery.
3. Who left open the door of the car?
He doesn’t saw ________________________________________________________.
4. Who is the lady in the black dress?
I wonder to know
______________________________________________________.
5. Whose car is this?
Does he know _______________________________________________________?
6. What time did the flight arrive?
She would like to know _______________________________________________.
7. How much cost the T-shirt?
Tom didn’t ask ______________________________________________________.
8. Which one is the capital of India?
_______________________________ was the question that the teacher made.
9. When is mother’s day?
Melissa doesn’t remember ____________________________________________.
10. Why she couldn’t take the bus on time?
Her mother can understand ___________________________________________.
Answer Key…
Exercise 1:
Change the questions to a noun clause.
1. What time is it?
I would like to know what time it is.
2. Why don’t they like go dancing?
Why they don’t like go dancing is a mystery.
3. Who left open the door of the car?
He doesn’t saw who the door of the car let open.
4. Who is the lady in the black dress?
I wonder to know who the lady in the black dress is.
5. Whose car is this?
Does he know whose car this is?
6. What time did the flight arrive?
She would like to know what time the flight arrived.
7. How much cost the T-shirt?
Tom didn’t ask how much the T-shirt cost.
8. Which one is the capital of India?
Which one the capital of India is, was the question that the teacher made.
9. When is mother’s day?
Melissa doesn’t remember when mother’s day is.
10. Why she couldn’t take the bus on time?
Her mother can understand why she couldn’t the bus on time take
CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions
are words used as joiners.
Different
kinds of conjunctions join different kinds of grammatical structures.
The
following are the kinds of conjunctions:
A. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (FANBOYS)
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Coordinating
conjunctions join equals
to one another:
words to words, phrases
to phrases, clauses to
clauses.
Coordinating
conjunctions usually form looser connections than other conjunctions do.
Coordinating
conjunctions go in between items joined, not at the beginning or end.
Punctuation
with coordinating conjunctions:
When a
coordinating conjunction joins two words, phrases, or subordinate
clauses, no comma should be placed before the conjunction.
A
coordinating conjunction joining three or more words, phrases, or
subordinate clauses creates a series and requires commas between the
elements.
A coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses creates a compound
sentence and requires a comma before the coordinating conjunction
|
either. .
.or
|
both. . .
and
|
|
neither. .
. nor
|
not only.
. . but also
|
These pairs
of conjunctions require equal (parallel) structures after each one.
These
conjunctions join independent clauses together.
The
following are frequently used conjunctive adverbs:
|
after all
|
in
addition
|
next
|
|
also
|
incidentally
|
nonetheless
|
|
as a
result
|
indeed
|
on the
contrary
|
|
besides
|
in fact
|
on the
other hand
|
|
consequently
|
in other
words
|
otherwise
|
|
finally
|
instead
|
still
|
|
for
example
|
likewise
|
then
|
|
furthermore
|
meanwhile
|
therefore
|
|
hence
|
moreover
|
thus
|
|
however
|
nevertheless
|
|
TIME CONJUCTIONS: if / unless / when /
until / as soon as
A) Circle
the correct words
1. I’ll call
my mother until / as soon as I get the news about my father.
2. The plane
hasn’t landed yet so I’ll wait until / when it arrives.
3. My
sister’s going to buy a new computer when / unless she has enough money.
4. You won’t
get a driving licence easily if / unless you practice more.
5. If /
Until she fails her driving test, she’ll take it again next month.
6. They’ll
go for a walk as soon as / unless the weather gets better.
7. He won’t
play football until / as soon as he feels better.
8. When /
Unless we move to Cunda, I’ll have a room with a sea view.
B) Fill in
the blanks with if / unless / until / as soon as.
1. My boss’s
coming office at 8.30. I’ll talk to him about my salary __________he arrives.
2.
__________ she hurries up, we’ll be late for the match.
3. I can’t
buy that car __________my father lend me some money.
4. It’s an
exciting game. I’ll call my girlfriend __________it finishes.
5. What will
she do ___________she is promoted?
6.
__________we can’t find any tickets, we can watch the concert live on TV.
7. Can you
look after my parrot ___________I get back from a business trip?
8. Because
my father is on the way home, I’ll have to wait ________he gets home because he
doesn’t have a spare key.
KEY. A) 1.
as soon as 2. until 3. when 4. unless 5. If 6. as soon
as 7. until 8. When
B) 1. as
soon as 2. Unless 3. unless 4. as soon as 5. if
6. If 7. until 8. until
Referace
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