noun clause and conjuction

Noun Clauses

There are three basic types of noun clauses.  These types are 1) noun clauses that start with a question word (where, how, who, when, why), 2) noun clauses that start with whether or if, and 3) noun clauses that start with that.
 

1. Noun Clauses that Start with a Question

Noun clauses that start with a question are usually used to answer a question.  The following examples should better explain this.
 

• Where does Sarik live?

I don't know where Sarik lives.
"where Sarik lives" is a noun clause.  We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following.
I don't know Sarik's address.  The noun phrase, Sarik's address, replaces with the noun clause, where Sarik lives.
 
  

• What time is it?

I don't know what time it is.
"what time it is" is a noun clause.  We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following.
I don't know the time.  In this case, the noun phrase, the time, replaces the noun clause, what time it is.
 

2.  Noun Clauses that Start with Whether or If

Noun clauses that start with whether or if are used to answer yes/no type questions.  Whether and if are usually interchangeable.  The following examples should better explain this.
 

• Does Judy own a Honda?

I don't know if Judy owns a Honda.
"if Judy owns a Honda" is a noun clause.  We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following.
I don't know the answer.  In this case, the noun phrase, the answer, replaces the noun clause, if Judy owns a Honda.
 
 

• Will Sadine be at work on Friday?

I don't know whether Sadine will be at work on Friday.
"whether Sadine will be at work on Friday" is a noun clause.  We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following.
I don't know the answer.  In this case, the noun phrase, the answer, replaces the noun clause, whether Sadine will be at work on Friday.

3.  Noun Clauses that Start with That.

Noun clauses that start with that are used to answer questions in which person who is answering is thinking, giving an opinion, or using a mental activity verb.  The following examples should better explain this.

• Is Dr. Elimelech a good instructor?

I think that Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor.
"that Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor" is a noun clause.  This noun clause could be omitted by saying the following.
I think so.
   

• Do you know the location of an ATM?

I believe that there is an ATM in the supermarket.
"that there is an ATM in the supermarket" is a noun clause.

Noun Clauses Activities…

Exercise 1: Change the questions to a noun clause.

1.     What time is it?

I would like to know ____________________________________________________.

2.    Why don’t they like go dancing?

__________________________________________________ is a mystery.

3.    Who left open the door of the car?

He doesn’t saw ________________________________________________________.

4.    Who is the lady in the black dress?

I wonder to know ______________________________________________________. 

5.    Whose car is this?

Does he know _______________________________________________________?

6.    What time did the flight arrive?

She would like to know _______________________________________________.

7.    How much cost the T-shirt?

Tom didn’t ask ______________________________________________________.

8.    Which one is the capital of India?

_______________________________ was the question that the teacher made.

9.    When is mother’s day?

Melissa doesn’t remember ____________________________________________.

10.  Why she couldn’t take the bus on time?

Her mother can understand ___________________________________________.

Answer Key…

Exercise 1: Change the questions to a noun clause.

1.     What time is it?

I would like to know what time it is.

2.    Why don’t they like go dancing?

Why they don’t like go dancing is a mystery.

3.    Who left open the door of the car?

He doesn’t saw who the door of the car let open.

4.    Who is the lady in the black dress?

I wonder to know who the lady in the black dress is.

5.    Whose car is this?

Does he know whose car this is?

6.    What time did the flight arrive?

She would like to know what time the flight arrived.

7.    How much cost the T-shirt?

Tom didn’t ask how much the T-shirt cost.

8.    Which one is the capital of India?

Which one the capital of India is, was the question that the teacher made.

9.    When is mother’s day?

Melissa doesn’t remember when mother’s day is.

10.  Why she couldn’t take the bus on time?

Her mother can understand why she couldn’t the bus on time take

CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions are words used as joiners.

Different kinds of conjunctions join different kinds of grammatical structures.

The following are the kinds of conjunctions:

       

A. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (FANBOYS)

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Coordinating conjunctions join equals to one another:

            words to words,          phrases to phrases,          clauses to clauses.

         

Coordinating conjunctions usually form looser connections than other conjunctions do.

Coordinating conjunctions go in between items joined, not at the beginning or end.

       

Punctuation with coordinating conjunctions:

When a coordinating conjunction joins two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses, no comma should be placed before the conjunction.

           

A coordinating conjunction joining three or more words, phrases, or subordinate clauses creates a series and requires commas between the elements.

           

A coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses creates a compound sentence and requires a comma before the coordinating conjunction

          

   

        

B. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

either. . .or	both. . . and
neither. . . nor	not only. . .  but also

             

These pairs of conjunctions require equal (parallel) structures after each one.

C. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

These conjunctions join independent clauses together.

The following are frequently used conjunctive adverbs:

after all

in addition

next

also	incidentally	nonetheless
as a result	indeed	on the contrary
besides	in fact	on the other hand
consequently	in other words	otherwise
finally	instead	still
for example	likewise	then
furthermore	meanwhile	therefore
hence	moreover	thus
however	nevertheless

TIME CONJUCTIONS: if / unless / when / until / as soon as

A) Circle the correct words

1. I’ll call my mother until / as soon as I get the news about my father.

2. The plane hasn’t landed yet so I’ll wait until / when it arrives.

3. My sister’s going to buy a new computer when / unless she has enough money.

4. You won’t get a driving licence easily if / unless you practice more.

5. If / Until she fails her driving test, she’ll take it again next month.

6. They’ll go for a walk as soon as / unless the weather gets better.

7. He won’t play football until / as soon as he feels better.

8. When / Unless we move to Cunda, I’ll have a room with a sea view.

B) Fill in the blanks with if / unless / until / as soon as.

1. My boss’s coming office at 8.30. I’ll talk to him about my salary __________he arrives.

2. __________ she hurries up, we’ll be late for the match.

3. I can’t buy that car __________my father lend me some money.

4. It’s an exciting game. I’ll call my girlfriend __________it finishes.

5. What will she do ___________she is promoted?

6. __________we can’t find any tickets, we can watch the concert live on TV.

7. Can you look after my parrot ___________I get back from a business trip?

8. Because my father is on the way home, I’ll have to wait ________he gets home because he doesn’t have a spare key.

KEY. A) 1. as soon as  2. until  3. when  4. unless 5. If  6. as soon as  7. until  8. When

B) 1. as soon as  2. Unless  3. unless  4. as soon as  5. if  6. If  7. until  8. until

Referace :

http://swarabhaskara.com/parts-of-speech/noun-clauses/

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=2368

http://www.towson.edu/ows/conjunctions.htm

http://www.egeacademy.com/blog/exercises/time-conjuctions-ifunlesswhenuntilas-soon-as/

adverbial clauses and direct indirect speech

Pengertian Adverbial Clause

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE 

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja. Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction(kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).Jadi adverb clause adalah anak kalimat yang menerangkan kata sifat dan kata kerja dan berfungsi sebagai adverb.

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction(kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.Contoh:Shut the door before you go out.You may begin when(ever) you are ready.While he was walking home, he saw an accident.By the time I arrive, Alex will have left. No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctionseperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.Contoh:They sat down wherever they could find empty seatsThe guard stood where he was positioned.Where there is a will, there is a way.Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yangsaling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as thetime, dll.Contoh:As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.Although it is late, we’ll stay a little longer.He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwaterjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as,how, like, in that, dll.Contoh:He did as I told him.You may finish it how you like.They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat denganmenggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the endthat, lest, in case, dll.Contoh:They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.She bought a book so (that) she could learn EnglishHe is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik. 

Contoh:Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class. 

Contoh:The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one. 

Contoh:He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.Contoh:It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. AT  AU It was so hot a day that wedecided to stay indoors.It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

7. Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if,unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), oncondition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll. 

Contoh:If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such aloss.In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necesarry  informat.

Contoh soal adverbial clause

ADVERB CLAUSES

Choose the correct answer

1. Murat decided to give up smoking _________he had had a heart attack two times.
a) in case    b) although    c) because   d) even if
2. ____________ she was walking along the garden, she found a very rare flower.
a) because  b) provided that  c) so that   d) while
3. ____________ my father woke up, he realised that he had forgotten to turn off the lights.
a) when  b) unless   c) while   d) even though
4. __________ he behaves well, Mary will never talk to him.
a) although  b) unless   c) if    d) in the even that
5. __________ my best friend Hasan five years older than me, he looks very young.
a) until   b) when  c) although  d) because
6. __________ they have passed the stamina test, they can get their scuba diving licence.
a) Now that   b) Even though   c) Unless   d) When
7. I have decided to buy a car ____________ I can go to work easily.
a) in case   b) so that   c) provided that   d) although
8. Merve looks at her husband _________ she hasn’t seen him before.
a) as if   b) when   c) although   d) because
9. The soldiers in the camp will be punished ___________ they didn’t obey the rules.
a) although  b) because  c) even if   d) however
10. You must wear your helmet while riding a motorbike, __________ you may hurt seriously in case of an accident.
a) but   b) although  c) even though  d) otherwise
11. __________ you are in top form, your coach always shows you respect.
a) Unless   b) As long as  c) Although  d) As if
12. __________ Jale did the ironing, _____________ she had also prepared the breakfast.
a) not only / but  b) not had only / but  c) not only had / but  d) not only have / but
13. I don’t want to invite Kemal to the party ___________ he always talks about nonsense things.
a) although  b) even if  c) despite  d) because
14. I’m going to work harder __________ I can be promoted.
a) when   b) so that   c) because   d) in spite of
15. She was very exhausted ____________ she didn’t stop working.
a) but   b) unless   c) although   d) because

Key: 1.c  2. d  3. a 4. b 5. c  6.a  7.b  8.a  9.b  10.d  11.b  12. a  13. d  14. b  15. a

DIRECT DAN INDIRECT SPEECH
Ada dua cara untuk mengungkapkan apa yang seseorang katakan yaitu: langsung (direct) dan tidak langsung (indirect/reported).
Pada kalimat langsung, kita mengulangi ucapan pembicara (speaker) sama persis. Kalimat langsung biasanya digunakan dalam percakapan di dalam buku, drama, ataupun dalam tanda kurung.
Contoh:
He said, ‘I have lost my umbrella.’
Kalimat langsung (direct) mempunyai dua bagian, yaitu: reporting sentence dan reported sentence. Reporting sentence adalah klausa yang berisi siapa yang berbicara, sedangkan reported sentence adalah klausa yang berisi apa yang dibicarakan.
Contoh:
Mike said, “I will come to your house.”
reporting reported
Sedangkan, pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect), kita mengungkapkan maksud ucapan pembicara dengan ungkapan yang tidak sama persis.
Contoh:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.
PERUBAHAN KALIMAT LANGSUNG (DIRECT) MENJADI TIDAK LANGSUNG (INDIRECT)
A. Kalimat pernyataan (statement) pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect)
Perubahan direct menjadi indirect pada statement ditandai dengan ‘that’.
Kalimat langsung yang reporting sentence-nya memiliki verb dalam bentuk present tense (simple present, present continuous, and present perfect atau future tense) maka tidak ada perubahan tenses pada reported sentence dalam bentuk tidak langsung (indirect). Ini biasanya terjadi apabila:
1. Melaporkan suatu percakapan yang masih berlangsung
2. Membaca surat dan melaporkan apa isi surat tersebut
3. Membaca perintah dan langsung melaporkannya pada waktu tersebut
4. Melaporkan pernyataan yang sering muncul
Contoh:
Direct
• John (phoning from the station), “I’m trying to get a taxi.”
• Siska says,” The sun rises every morning.”
Indirect
• John says that he is trying to get a taxi.
• Siska says that the sun rises every morning.

Namun demikian, kalimat tidak langsung biasanya diawali dengan verb lampau (past tense). Pada hal ini, verb pada reported sentence harus diganti dengan turun satu level. Perubahan tenses tersebut dapat dilihat dalam tabel yang ada di bawah ini:

Contohnya :

Lengkapilah kalimat berikut dengan bentuk “reported speech”.

1. “Do you need a pen?” Ani asked. = Ani asked me if …
2. John asked, “What do you want?” = John asked me …
3. Sue asked, “Are you hungry?” = Sue wanted to know if
4. “I’am going to move to Ohio,” said Bruce.= Bruce informed me (that) …
5. “I may be late,” said Mike. = Mike told me (that) …

Bellow is my answer. Please correct me if my answer wrong.

1. “Do you need a pen?” Ani asked. = Ani asked me if I was need a pen.
2. John asked, “What do you want?” = John asked me what I wanted.
3. Sue asked, “Are you hungry?” = Sue wanted to know if I was hungry.
4. “I’m going to move to Ohio,” said Bruce. = Bruce informed me (that) he went to move to Ohio.
5. “I may be late,” said Mike. = Mike told me (that) he was late.

Daftar pustaka :

http://abudira.wordpress.com/2010/06/08/direct-dan-indirect-speech/

http://swarabhaskara.com/discussion-forum/bedah-soal/direct-and-indirect-speech/

http://kopral-oky.blogspot.com/2012/03/pengertian-adverbial-clause.html

http://www.egeacademy.com/blog/exercises/adverb-clauses-test-your-grammar/